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Latest Forum Topics / OCBC Bank    Last:24.0    -0.53  Post Reply
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chartiskao
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02-Feb-2024 16:33     
 
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 Alert Admin 		that tendency precedes recessions, as shown by an inverted bond yield curve that frequently foreshadows a downturn. A yield inversion occurs when the yield on a longer-dated Treasury note falls below that on a shorter-dated one.2
 
If the 10-year Treasury note&rsquo s yield falls below that of the two-year Treasury note, for example, it typically signifies that investors are already anticipating economic weakness and opting for the longer-dated fixed-income maturities that tend to outperform in downturns.
The yield curve is a graphical representation of the yields on bonds of the same quality but different maturities. A normal yield curve slopes upward, indicating that long-term interest rates are higher than short-term rates. However, an inverted yield curve occurs when short-term interest rates are higher than long-term rates.
The inversion of the yield curve is often seen as a signal of an impending economic downturn. When investors demand higher yields for short-term bonds compared to long-term bonds, it suggests they have lower confidence in the near-term economic outlook.
The inversion of the yield curve, particularly when the yield on the 10-year Treasury note falls below that of the 2-year Treasury note, is considered a reliable historical predictor of recessions. This is because it reflects a situation where investors are seeking the safety of long-term bonds, possibly anticipating weaker economic conditions in the future.


chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 16:18) Posted:

  • Interest rates usually fall in a recession as loan demand declines, investors seek safety, and consumers reduce spending.
  • A central bank can lower short-term interest rates and buy assets during a downturn to stimulate spending.
  • Those actions affect the economy directly and signal the central bank&rsquo s intent to keep monetary policy accommodative for longer. 
  • Once the economy starts to recover, a central bank may partially or fully reverse those policies to slow growth and stem inflation
  • Your statement accurately captures the typical monetary policy response during economic cycles. Let' s break down the key points:
  • Interest Rates in a Recession:
    • In a recession, there is usually a decrease in loan demand as businesses and consumers become more cautious, leading to lower spending and investment.
    • Investors often seek safer assets, causing a shift away from riskier investments.
  • Central Bank' s Response:
    • To counter the economic downturn, a central bank can lower short-term interest rates. By doing so, they aim to make borrowing cheaper, encouraging businesses and consumers to borrow and spend more.
    • Additionally, the central bank may engage in asset purchases, often referred to as quantitative easing. This involves buying financial assets like government bonds to inject liquidity into the financial system.
  • Stimulating Spending:
    • Lowering interest rates and buying assets are measures to stimulate spending and investment in the economy, helping to kickstart growth during a recession.
  • Accommodative Monetary Policy:
    • These actions signal the central bank' s intent to keep monetary policy accommodative. An accommodative policy means that the central bank is trying to support economic growth and employment.
  • Reversal of Policies during Recovery:
    • As the economy starts to recover, the central bank may reverse or adjust its policies.
    • To prevent overheating and inflation, the central bank may raise interest rates and reduce or halt asset purchases. This is done to cool down economic activity and prevent excessive inflationary pressures.


chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 16:16) Posted:


Interest rates typically decline during recessions as loan demand slows, bond prices rise, and the central bank eases monetary policy. During recent recessions, the Federal Reserve has cut short-term rates and eased credit access for municipal and corporate borrowers.1
 
Interest rates have an influence on the business cycle of expansion and contraction. Market rates reflect credit demand from borrowers and the available credit supply, which in turn reflects preference shifts between savings and consumption.

Your statement accurately captures the relationship between interest rates and economic cycles, particularly during recessions. Let' s break down the key points:
  1. Interest Rates during Recessions:
    • As you mentioned, interest rates tend to decline during recessions. This decline is driven by several factors:
      • Slowing Loan Demand: During economic downturns, businesses and individuals typically reduce their borrowing activities due to uncertainty and reduced investment opportunities.
      • Rising Bond Prices: Investors often shift towards safer assets during recessions, increasing demand for bonds. As bond prices rise, yields (interest rates) tend to fall.
      • Monetary Policy Easing: Central banks, such as the Federal Reserve, often implement monetary policy measures to stimulate the economy during recessions. This can include cutting short-term interest rates to make borrowing cheaper and stimulate spending.
  2. Federal Reserve' s Role:
    • The Federal Reserve plays a crucial role in influencing interest rates and credit conditions. By adjusting the federal funds rate (the interest rate at which banks lend to each other overnight), the central bank can impact overall interest rate levels in the economy. Lowering interest rates is a common tool used to stimulate economic activity during recessions.
  3. Credit Demand and Supply:
    • Market interest rates reflect the interplay between credit demand from borrowers and the available credit supply. Economic conditions, consumer and business confidence, and central bank policies all contribute to the dynamics of credit demand and supply.
  4. Business Cycle Influence:
    • Interest rates are indeed a key factor influencing the business cycle. Lower interest rates can encourage borrowing and spending, potentially fueling economic expansion. Conversely, higher interest rates can act as a brake on economic activity by increasing the cost of borrowing and reducing spending

 
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chartiskao
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02-Feb-2024 16:18     
 
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 Alert Admin
  • Interest rates usually fall in a recession as loan demand declines, investors seek safety, and consumers reduce spending.
  • A central bank can lower short-term interest rates and buy assets during a downturn to stimulate spending.
  • Those actions affect the economy directly and signal the central bank&rsquo s intent to keep monetary policy accommodative for longer. 
  • Once the economy starts to recover, a central bank may partially or fully reverse those policies to slow growth and stem inflation
  • Your statement accurately captures the typical monetary policy response during economic cycles. Let' s break down the key points:
  • Interest Rates in a Recession:
    • In a recession, there is usually a decrease in loan demand as businesses and consumers become more cautious, leading to lower spending and investment.
    • Investors often seek safer assets, causing a shift away from riskier investments.
  • Central Bank' s Response:
    • To counter the economic downturn, a central bank can lower short-term interest rates. By doing so, they aim to make borrowing cheaper, encouraging businesses and consumers to borrow and spend more.
    • Additionally, the central bank may engage in asset purchases, often referred to as quantitative easing. This involves buying financial assets like government bonds to inject liquidity into the financial system.
  • Stimulating Spending:
    • Lowering interest rates and buying assets are measures to stimulate spending and investment in the economy, helping to kickstart growth during a recession.
  • Accommodative Monetary Policy:
    • These actions signal the central bank' s intent to keep monetary policy accommodative. An accommodative policy means that the central bank is trying to support economic growth and employment.
  • Reversal of Policies during Recovery:
    • As the economy starts to recover, the central bank may reverse or adjust its policies.
    • To prevent overheating and inflation, the central bank may raise interest rates and reduce or halt asset purchases. This is done to cool down economic activity and prevent excessive inflationary pressures.


chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 16:16) Posted:


Interest rates typically decline during recessions as loan demand slows, bond prices rise, and the central bank eases monetary policy. During recent recessions, the Federal Reserve has cut short-term rates and eased credit access for municipal and corporate borrowers.1
 
Interest rates have an influence on the business cycle of expansion and contraction. Market rates reflect credit demand from borrowers and the available credit supply, which in turn reflects preference shifts between savings and consumption.

Your statement accurately captures the relationship between interest rates and economic cycles, particularly during recessions. Let' s break down the key points:
  1. Interest Rates during Recessions:
    • As you mentioned, interest rates tend to decline during recessions. This decline is driven by several factors:
      • Slowing Loan Demand: During economic downturns, businesses and individuals typically reduce their borrowing activities due to uncertainty and reduced investment opportunities.
      • Rising Bond Prices: Investors often shift towards safer assets during recessions, increasing demand for bonds. As bond prices rise, yields (interest rates) tend to fall.
      • Monetary Policy Easing: Central banks, such as the Federal Reserve, often implement monetary policy measures to stimulate the economy during recessions. This can include cutting short-term interest rates to make borrowing cheaper and stimulate spending.
  2. Federal Reserve' s Role:
    • The Federal Reserve plays a crucial role in influencing interest rates and credit conditions. By adjusting the federal funds rate (the interest rate at which banks lend to each other overnight), the central bank can impact overall interest rate levels in the economy. Lowering interest rates is a common tool used to stimulate economic activity during recessions.
  3. Credit Demand and Supply:
    • Market interest rates reflect the interplay between credit demand from borrowers and the available credit supply. Economic conditions, consumer and business confidence, and central bank policies all contribute to the dynamics of credit demand and supply.
  4. Business Cycle Influence:
    • Interest rates are indeed a key factor influencing the business cycle. Lower interest rates can encourage borrowing and spending, potentially fueling economic expansion. Conversely, higher interest rates can act as a brake on economic activity by increasing the cost of borrowing and reducing spending

 

chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 15:29) Posted:

2 overseas wars and 12x rate hikes and
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act
will it save the number 1 economy from hard landing in 2024?
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chartiskao
Elite
02-Feb-2024 16:16     
 
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Interest rates typically decline during recessions as loan demand slows, bond prices rise, and the central bank eases monetary policy. During recent recessions, the Federal Reserve has cut short-term rates and eased credit access for municipal and corporate borrowers.1
 
Interest rates have an influence on the business cycle of expansion and contraction. Market rates reflect credit demand from borrowers and the available credit supply, which in turn reflects preference shifts between savings and consumption.

Your statement accurately captures the relationship between interest rates and economic cycles, particularly during recessions. Let' s break down the key points:
  1. Interest Rates during Recessions:
    • As you mentioned, interest rates tend to decline during recessions. This decline is driven by several factors:
      • Slowing Loan Demand: During economic downturns, businesses and individuals typically reduce their borrowing activities due to uncertainty and reduced investment opportunities.
      • Rising Bond Prices: Investors often shift towards safer assets during recessions, increasing demand for bonds. As bond prices rise, yields (interest rates) tend to fall.
      • Monetary Policy Easing: Central banks, such as the Federal Reserve, often implement monetary policy measures to stimulate the economy during recessions. This can include cutting short-term interest rates to make borrowing cheaper and stimulate spending.
  2. Federal Reserve' s Role:
    • The Federal Reserve plays a crucial role in influencing interest rates and credit conditions. By adjusting the federal funds rate (the interest rate at which banks lend to each other overnight), the central bank can impact overall interest rate levels in the economy. Lowering interest rates is a common tool used to stimulate economic activity during recessions.
  3. Credit Demand and Supply:
    • Market interest rates reflect the interplay between credit demand from borrowers and the available credit supply. Economic conditions, consumer and business confidence, and central bank policies all contribute to the dynamics of credit demand and supply.
  4. Business Cycle Influence:
    • Interest rates are indeed a key factor influencing the business cycle. Lower interest rates can encourage borrowing and spending, potentially fueling economic expansion. Conversely, higher interest rates can act as a brake on economic activity by increasing the cost of borrowing and reducing spending

 

chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 15:29) Posted:

2 overseas wars and 12x rate hikes and
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act
will it save the number 1 economy from hard landing in 2024?


chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 15:26) Posted:

Recessions are caused by a multitude of factors, with higher interest rates usually cited as the primary cause of a recession. At the moment, the market is also concerned with nonroutine events, such as the Russia-Ukraine war and its impact on energy and commodity prices, which have fed into higher inflation. To combat inflation, the Fed and other central banks have been aggressively raising interest rates to bring inflation down to their target of around 2%.
 
In raising short-term interest rates, now around 5.5%, the Fed may be overly aggressive and overshoot an interest rate that is appropriate to bringing down inflation, sending the economy into a recession. The hope is for a soft landing, where interest rates reach a level to bring down inflation and avoid a recession. The alternative is a hard landing, where the Fed raises rates too much and triggers a recession.14
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJsL3db8NBI
https://www.whitehouse.gov/cleanenergy/inflation-reduction-act-guidebook/

 
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chartiskao
Elite
02-Feb-2024 15:29     
 
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 Alert Admin 		2 overseas wars and 12x rate hikes and
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act
will it save the number 1 economy from hard landing in 2024?


chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 15:26) Posted:

Recessions are caused by a multitude of factors, with higher interest rates usually cited as the primary cause of a recession. At the moment, the market is also concerned with nonroutine events, such as the Russia-Ukraine war and its impact on energy and commodity prices, which have fed into higher inflation. To combat inflation, the Fed and other central banks have been aggressively raising interest rates to bring inflation down to their target of around 2%.
 
In raising short-term interest rates, now around 5.5%, the Fed may be overly aggressive and overshoot an interest rate that is appropriate to bringing down inflation, sending the economy into a recession. The hope is for a soft landing, where interest rates reach a level to bring down inflation and avoid a recession. The alternative is a hard landing, where the Fed raises rates too much and triggers a recession.14
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJsL3db8NBI
https://www.whitehouse.gov/cleanenergy/inflation-reduction-act-guidebook/

 

chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 15:22) Posted:

  1. Interest Rates and Recessions: Traditionally, higher interest rates are often associated with economic slowdowns or recessions. When interest rates are raised, borrowing becomes more expensive, which can lead to reduced consumer spending and business investment. This, in turn, can slow down economic growth and potentially lead to a recession.
  2. Inflation Concerns: Inflation, on the other hand, is a rise in the general price level of goods and services over time. Central banks, like the Federal Reserve (Fed), aim to keep inflation within a target range to maintain price stability. If inflation rises above the target, central banks might use monetary policy tools, such as raising interest rates, to cool down economic activity and bring inflation back to the target level.
  3. Global Events Impacting Inflation: Nonroutine events, such as geopolitical conflicts like the Russia-Ukraine war, can have significant impacts on energy and commodity prices. These price increases can contribute to higher inflation levels. In response, central banks might consider raising interest rates to curb inflationary pressures.
  4. Soft Landing vs. Hard Landing: A " soft landing" is an economic scenario where the central bank successfully tightens monetary policy to control inflation without causing a recession. On the other hand, a " hard landing" occurs when the central bank' s aggressive actions lead to a sharp economic downturn or recession.
  5. Concerns of Overshooting: The concern expressed is that if the Federal Reserve is too aggressive in raising interest rates, it might overshoot the level necessary to control inflation, potentially pushing the economy into a recession.
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chartiskao
Elite
02-Feb-2024 15:26     
 
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 Alert Admin 		Recessions are caused by a multitude of factors, with higher interest rates usually cited as the primary cause of a recession. At the moment, the market is also concerned with nonroutine events, such as the Russia-Ukraine war and its impact on energy and commodity prices, which have fed into higher inflation. To combat inflation, the Fed and other central banks have been aggressively raising interest rates to bring inflation down to their target of around 2%.
 
In raising short-term interest rates, now around 5.5%, the Fed may be overly aggressive and overshoot an interest rate that is appropriate to bringing down inflation, sending the economy into a recession. The hope is for a soft landing, where interest rates reach a level to bring down inflation and avoid a recession. The alternative is a hard landing, where the Fed raises rates too much and triggers a recession.14
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJsL3db8NBI
https://www.whitehouse.gov/cleanenergy/inflation-reduction-act-guidebook/

 

chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 15:22) Posted:

  1. Interest Rates and Recessions: Traditionally, higher interest rates are often associated with economic slowdowns or recessions. When interest rates are raised, borrowing becomes more expensive, which can lead to reduced consumer spending and business investment. This, in turn, can slow down economic growth and potentially lead to a recession.
  2. Inflation Concerns: Inflation, on the other hand, is a rise in the general price level of goods and services over time. Central banks, like the Federal Reserve (Fed), aim to keep inflation within a target range to maintain price stability. If inflation rises above the target, central banks might use monetary policy tools, such as raising interest rates, to cool down economic activity and bring inflation back to the target level.
  3. Global Events Impacting Inflation: Nonroutine events, such as geopolitical conflicts like the Russia-Ukraine war, can have significant impacts on energy and commodity prices. These price increases can contribute to higher inflation levels. In response, central banks might consider raising interest rates to curb inflationary pressures.
  4. Soft Landing vs. Hard Landing: A " soft landing" is an economic scenario where the central bank successfully tightens monetary policy to control inflation without causing a recession. On the other hand, a " hard landing" occurs when the central bank' s aggressive actions lead to a sharp economic downturn or recession.
  5. Concerns of Overshooting: The concern expressed is that if the Federal Reserve is too aggressive in raising interest rates, it might overshoot the level necessary to control inflation, potentially pushing the economy into a recession.


chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 15:17) Posted:

Do Prices Go Down in a Recession?

Prices often go down in a recession because people are buying less, which means businesses lower prices to encourage consumer spending. Not all prices decrease, however. Some items, such as food and gas, may see price increases, especially if there is a decreased supply or increased demand.
Yes, your understanding is generally accurate. In a recession, overall consumer demand tends to decrease, leading businesses to adjust their pricing strategies. Here are some key points to consider:
  1. Consumer Goods and Services: During a recession, businesses may lower prices to stimulate consumer spending. This is particularly true for non-essential goods and services. Companies may offer discounts, promotions, or reduce prices to attract more customers and maintain sales levels.
  2. Luxury Items: Prices for luxury items may see more significant reductions during a recession as demand for such products typically decreases when consumers prioritize essential spending.
  3. Commodities: Prices for commodities can be influenced by various factors such as changes in supply and demand dynamics. While some commodities may experience price declines due to reduced demand during a recession, others, like food and energy, may be more influenced by supply-side factors.
  4. Interest Rates and Financing: In some cases, central banks may lower interest rates during a recession to stimulate economic activity. Lower interest rates can make borrowing cheaper, encouraging spending. This can impact the pricing of items purchased through credit, such as houses and cars.
  5. Exceptions: Not all prices go down during a recession. As you mentioned, certain items like food and gas may see price increases due to supply chain disruptions, production costs, or other factors. Additionally, services with inelastic demand, such as healthcare and education, may not see significant price decreases.
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chartiskao
Elite
02-Feb-2024 15:22     
 
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  1. Interest Rates and Recessions: Traditionally, higher interest rates are often associated with economic slowdowns or recessions. When interest rates are raised, borrowing becomes more expensive, which can lead to reduced consumer spending and business investment. This, in turn, can slow down economic growth and potentially lead to a recession.
  2. Inflation Concerns: Inflation, on the other hand, is a rise in the general price level of goods and services over time. Central banks, like the Federal Reserve (Fed), aim to keep inflation within a target range to maintain price stability. If inflation rises above the target, central banks might use monetary policy tools, such as raising interest rates, to cool down economic activity and bring inflation back to the target level.
  3. Global Events Impacting Inflation: Nonroutine events, such as geopolitical conflicts like the Russia-Ukraine war, can have significant impacts on energy and commodity prices. These price increases can contribute to higher inflation levels. In response, central banks might consider raising interest rates to curb inflationary pressures.
  4. Soft Landing vs. Hard Landing: A " soft landing" is an economic scenario where the central bank successfully tightens monetary policy to control inflation without causing a recession. On the other hand, a " hard landing" occurs when the central bank' s aggressive actions lead to a sharp economic downturn or recession.
  5. Concerns of Overshooting: The concern expressed is that if the Federal Reserve is too aggressive in raising interest rates, it might overshoot the level necessary to control inflation, potentially pushing the economy into a recession.


chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 15:17) Posted:

Do Prices Go Down in a Recession?

Prices often go down in a recession because people are buying less, which means businesses lower prices to encourage consumer spending. Not all prices decrease, however. Some items, such as food and gas, may see price increases, especially if there is a decreased supply or increased demand.
Yes, your understanding is generally accurate. In a recession, overall consumer demand tends to decrease, leading businesses to adjust their pricing strategies. Here are some key points to consider:
  1. Consumer Goods and Services: During a recession, businesses may lower prices to stimulate consumer spending. This is particularly true for non-essential goods and services. Companies may offer discounts, promotions, or reduce prices to attract more customers and maintain sales levels.
  2. Luxury Items: Prices for luxury items may see more significant reductions during a recession as demand for such products typically decreases when consumers prioritize essential spending.
  3. Commodities: Prices for commodities can be influenced by various factors such as changes in supply and demand dynamics. While some commodities may experience price declines due to reduced demand during a recession, others, like food and energy, may be more influenced by supply-side factors.
  4. Interest Rates and Financing: In some cases, central banks may lower interest rates during a recession to stimulate economic activity. Lower interest rates can make borrowing cheaper, encouraging spending. This can impact the pricing of items purchased through credit, such as houses and cars.
  5. Exceptions: Not all prices go down during a recession. As you mentioned, certain items like food and gas may see price increases due to supply chain disruptions, production costs, or other factors. Additionally, services with inelastic demand, such as healthcare and education, may not see significant price decreases.


chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 15:02) Posted:


By Oct. 2023, a number of economic data points were positive, including:
 
  • A rate of inflation down to just 3.7% as of Sept. 20239
  • Second quarter (2Q) GDP growth of 2.1%10
  • A strong job market in which jobs are still rising11
  • Low unemployment at 3.8% in Sept. 20231
  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wquGpj4iFkU
    1. Inflation Rate: The rate of inflation decreasing to 3.7% by September 2023 is a positive sign. Lower inflation is generally associated with a more stable economy, making it easier for consumers and businesses to plan for the future.
    2. GDP Growth: Second-quarter GDP growth of 2.1% indicates positive economic activity during that period. GDP growth is a key indicator of economic health, and positive growth suggests that the economy is expanding.
    3. Job Market: The mention of a strong job market with jobs still rising is a positive indicator. A robust job market typically indicates economic growth and stability, contributing to increased consumer confidence and spending.
    4. Unemployment Rate: A low unemployment rate of 3.8% in September 2023 is another positive aspect. A lower unemployment rate implies a healthier job market and increased opportunities for individuals seeking employment.
    Overall, based on the provided data points, the economic situation appears favorable as of October 2023, with low inflation, positive GDP growth, a strong job market, and low unemployment. These factors collectively suggest a stable and growing economy.
     
     
     
     


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chartiskao
Elite
02-Feb-2024 15:17     
 
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Do Prices Go Down in a Recession?

Prices often go down in a recession because people are buying less, which means businesses lower prices to encourage consumer spending. Not all prices decrease, however. Some items, such as food and gas, may see price increases, especially if there is a decreased supply or increased demand.
Yes, your understanding is generally accurate. In a recession, overall consumer demand tends to decrease, leading businesses to adjust their pricing strategies. Here are some key points to consider:
  1. Consumer Goods and Services: During a recession, businesses may lower prices to stimulate consumer spending. This is particularly true for non-essential goods and services. Companies may offer discounts, promotions, or reduce prices to attract more customers and maintain sales levels.
  2. Luxury Items: Prices for luxury items may see more significant reductions during a recession as demand for such products typically decreases when consumers prioritize essential spending.
  3. Commodities: Prices for commodities can be influenced by various factors such as changes in supply and demand dynamics. While some commodities may experience price declines due to reduced demand during a recession, others, like food and energy, may be more influenced by supply-side factors.
  4. Interest Rates and Financing: In some cases, central banks may lower interest rates during a recession to stimulate economic activity. Lower interest rates can make borrowing cheaper, encouraging spending. This can impact the pricing of items purchased through credit, such as houses and cars.
  5. Exceptions: Not all prices go down during a recession. As you mentioned, certain items like food and gas may see price increases due to supply chain disruptions, production costs, or other factors. Additionally, services with inelastic demand, such as healthcare and education, may not see significant price decreases.


chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 15:02) Posted:


By Oct. 2023, a number of economic data points were positive, including:
 
  • A rate of inflation down to just 3.7% as of Sept. 20239
  • Second quarter (2Q) GDP growth of 2.1%10
  • A strong job market in which jobs are still rising11
  • Low unemployment at 3.8% in Sept. 20231
  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wquGpj4iFkU
    1. Inflation Rate: The rate of inflation decreasing to 3.7% by September 2023 is a positive sign. Lower inflation is generally associated with a more stable economy, making it easier for consumers and businesses to plan for the future.
    2. GDP Growth: Second-quarter GDP growth of 2.1% indicates positive economic activity during that period. GDP growth is a key indicator of economic health, and positive growth suggests that the economy is expanding.
    3. Job Market: The mention of a strong job market with jobs still rising is a positive indicator. A robust job market typically indicates economic growth and stability, contributing to increased consumer confidence and spending.
    4. Unemployment Rate: A low unemployment rate of 3.8% in September 2023 is another positive aspect. A lower unemployment rate implies a healthier job market and increased opportunities for individuals seeking employment.
    Overall, based on the provided data points, the economic situation appears favorable as of October 2023, with low inflation, positive GDP growth, a strong job market, and low unemployment. These factors collectively suggest a stable and growing economy.
     
     
     
     


chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 14:59) Posted:


The Fed slowed the pace of its interest rate increases in 2023, aiming for an upper limit final fed funds target rate of 5.5%, also referred to as the terminal rate. As of Oct. 2023, the effective federal funds rate was 5.33%.1314
 
Higher interest rates make everything from home mortgage rates to credit card rates rise, which eats away at consumer spending, ultimately the key driver of U.S. economic activity. By easing interest rates while inflation and unemployment remain low, the Fed hopes to deliver a soft landing (lower inflation and a minor slowdown in the U.S. economy), rather than a hard landing (where inflation comes down at the expense of economic growth and employment). A hard landing would be likely to result in a recession
https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/fed-meeting-fomc-interest-rate-january-2024/card/fed-chair-jerome-powell-is-set-to-speak-at-2-30-p-m-et-watch-his-press-conference-here-aBkk6AIvssI0ZsPEyu4h
It appears that the information you provided is a hypothetical scenario about the Federal Reserve' s (the Fed) monetary policy in 2023. Let' s break down the key points:
  1. Fed' s Interest Rate Strategy: In this scenario, the Federal Reserve slowed down the pace of its interest rate increases in 2023. The objective was to reach an upper limit final fed funds target rate of 5.5%, also known as the terminal rate.
  2. Effective Federal Funds Rate: As of October 2023, the effective federal funds rate was 5.33%. This rate is crucial as it influences short-term interest rates throughout the economy.
  3. Impact of Higher Interest Rates: The text mentions that higher interest rates affect various aspects, such as home mortgage rates and credit card rates. The general implication is that increased interest rates can lead to reduced consumer spending, which is a significant driver of U.S. economic activity.
  4. Fed' s Goal: The Federal Reserve' s goal, according to the provided information, is to achieve a soft landing. A soft landing involves lowering inflation and inducing a minor slowdown in the economy without causing a recession. This is in contrast to a hard landing, where reducing inflation might come at the expense of economic growth and employment, potentially leading to a recession.
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chartiskao
Elite
02-Feb-2024 15:02     
 
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By Oct. 2023, a number of economic data points were positive, including:
 
  • A rate of inflation down to just 3.7% as of Sept. 20239
  • Second quarter (2Q) GDP growth of 2.1%10
  • A strong job market in which jobs are still rising11
  • Low unemployment at 3.8% in Sept. 20231
  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wquGpj4iFkU
    1. Inflation Rate: The rate of inflation decreasing to 3.7% by September 2023 is a positive sign. Lower inflation is generally associated with a more stable economy, making it easier for consumers and businesses to plan for the future.
    2. GDP Growth: Second-quarter GDP growth of 2.1% indicates positive economic activity during that period. GDP growth is a key indicator of economic health, and positive growth suggests that the economy is expanding.
    3. Job Market: The mention of a strong job market with jobs still rising is a positive indicator. A robust job market typically indicates economic growth and stability, contributing to increased consumer confidence and spending.
    4. Unemployment Rate: A low unemployment rate of 3.8% in September 2023 is another positive aspect. A lower unemployment rate implies a healthier job market and increased opportunities for individuals seeking employment.
    Overall, based on the provided data points, the economic situation appears favorable as of October 2023, with low inflation, positive GDP growth, a strong job market, and low unemployment. These factors collectively suggest a stable and growing economy.
     
     
     
     


chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 14:59) Posted:


The Fed slowed the pace of its interest rate increases in 2023, aiming for an upper limit final fed funds target rate of 5.5%, also referred to as the terminal rate. As of Oct. 2023, the effective federal funds rate was 5.33%.1314
 
Higher interest rates make everything from home mortgage rates to credit card rates rise, which eats away at consumer spending, ultimately the key driver of U.S. economic activity. By easing interest rates while inflation and unemployment remain low, the Fed hopes to deliver a soft landing (lower inflation and a minor slowdown in the U.S. economy), rather than a hard landing (where inflation comes down at the expense of economic growth and employment). A hard landing would be likely to result in a recession
https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/fed-meeting-fomc-interest-rate-january-2024/card/fed-chair-jerome-powell-is-set-to-speak-at-2-30-p-m-et-watch-his-press-conference-here-aBkk6AIvssI0ZsPEyu4h
It appears that the information you provided is a hypothetical scenario about the Federal Reserve' s (the Fed) monetary policy in 2023. Let' s break down the key points:
  1. Fed' s Interest Rate Strategy: In this scenario, the Federal Reserve slowed down the pace of its interest rate increases in 2023. The objective was to reach an upper limit final fed funds target rate of 5.5%, also known as the terminal rate.
  2. Effective Federal Funds Rate: As of October 2023, the effective federal funds rate was 5.33%. This rate is crucial as it influences short-term interest rates throughout the economy.
  3. Impact of Higher Interest Rates: The text mentions that higher interest rates affect various aspects, such as home mortgage rates and credit card rates. The general implication is that increased interest rates can lead to reduced consumer spending, which is a significant driver of U.S. economic activity.
  4. Fed' s Goal: The Federal Reserve' s goal, according to the provided information, is to achieve a soft landing. A soft landing involves lowering inflation and inducing a minor slowdown in the economy without causing a recession. This is in contrast to a hard landing, where reducing inflation might come at the expense of economic growth and employment, potentially leading to a recession.


chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 10:36) Posted:

crypto and global properties

Psychological Factors of a Recession

Psychological factors are also frequently cited by economists for their contribution to recessions. The excessive exuberance of investors during the boom years brings the economy to its peak. The reciprocal doom-and-gloom pessimism that sets in after a market crash, at a minimum, amplifies the effects of real economic and financial factors as the market swings.
 
Moreover, because all economic actions and decisions are always forward-looking to some degree, the subjective expectations of investors, businesses, and consumers are often involved in the inception and spread of an economic downturn.4
 

Interest Rates

Interest rates are a key link between the purely financial sector and the real economic preferences and decisions of businesses and consumers.
  1. Sentiment and Confidence:
    • Boom and Bust Cycles: During economic booms, optimism and confidence are high. Investors may become overly exuberant and take excessive risks. However, after a market crash, a sense of pessimism prevails, leading to a downturn.
    • Consumer and Business Confidence: Consumer and business confidence are crucial for economic health. During recessions, both consumers and businesses may become cautious and cut back on spending and investment, further contributing to the economic slowdown.
  2. Expectations and Forward-Looking Behavior:
    • Self-Fulfilling Prophecies: Economic decisions are often based on expectations of future conditions. If individuals and businesses expect a recession, they may act in ways that contribute to the downturn, creating a self-fulfilling prophecy.
    • Investment Decisions: Businesses may delay or cancel investments during uncertain times. This can lead to a reduction in economic activity and employment, reinforcing the negative cycle.
  3. Behavioral Economics Factors:
    • Herding Behavior: Investors often follow the crowd, leading to herding behavior. If a large number of investors start selling assets during a market decline, others may follow suit, exacerbating the downturn.
    • Loss Aversion: People tend to be more averse to losses than they are motivated by potential gains. This psychological bias can lead to rapid selling during a market decline, causing a cascade effect.
  4. Media Influence:
    • Media Amplification: Media plays a significant role in shaping public perception. Negative news coverage during economic downturns can amplify fear and anxiety, affecting consumer and investor behavior.
    • Information Cascades: The rapid spread of information, both accurate and inaccurate, can lead to information cascades where individuals make decisions based on the actions of others rather than independent analysis.
  5. Policy Expectations:
    • Expectations of Government Intervention: Anticipation of government policies and interventions can influence economic behavior. If there is a perception that policymakers are not adequately addressing economic challenges, it can contribute to negative sentiment.
  6. Interest Rates:
    • Monetary Policy Impact: Central banks often use interest rates as a tool to manage the economy. During a recession, central banks may lower interest rates to stimulate borrowing and spending. However, the effectiveness of this tool can be influenced by psychological factors, such as how businesses and consumers perceive the impact of interest rate changes on their decision
    • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFa6I9KN63Q
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chartiskao
Elite
02-Feb-2024 14:59     
 
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 Alert Admin
The Fed slowed the pace of its interest rate increases in 2023, aiming for an upper limit final fed funds target rate of 5.5%, also referred to as the terminal rate. As of Oct. 2023, the effective federal funds rate was 5.33%.1314
 
Higher interest rates make everything from home mortgage rates to credit card rates rise, which eats away at consumer spending, ultimately the key driver of U.S. economic activity. By easing interest rates while inflation and unemployment remain low, the Fed hopes to deliver a soft landing (lower inflation and a minor slowdown in the U.S. economy), rather than a hard landing (where inflation comes down at the expense of economic growth and employment). A hard landing would be likely to result in a recession
https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/fed-meeting-fomc-interest-rate-january-2024/card/fed-chair-jerome-powell-is-set-to-speak-at-2-30-p-m-et-watch-his-press-conference-here-aBkk6AIvssI0ZsPEyu4h
It appears that the information you provided is a hypothetical scenario about the Federal Reserve' s (the Fed) monetary policy in 2023. Let' s break down the key points:
  1. Fed' s Interest Rate Strategy: In this scenario, the Federal Reserve slowed down the pace of its interest rate increases in 2023. The objective was to reach an upper limit final fed funds target rate of 5.5%, also known as the terminal rate.
  2. Effective Federal Funds Rate: As of October 2023, the effective federal funds rate was 5.33%. This rate is crucial as it influences short-term interest rates throughout the economy.
  3. Impact of Higher Interest Rates: The text mentions that higher interest rates affect various aspects, such as home mortgage rates and credit card rates. The general implication is that increased interest rates can lead to reduced consumer spending, which is a significant driver of U.S. economic activity.
  4. Fed' s Goal: The Federal Reserve' s goal, according to the provided information, is to achieve a soft landing. A soft landing involves lowering inflation and inducing a minor slowdown in the economy without causing a recession. This is in contrast to a hard landing, where reducing inflation might come at the expense of economic growth and employment, potentially leading to a recession.


chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 10:36) Posted:

crypto and global properties

Psychological Factors of a Recession

Psychological factors are also frequently cited by economists for their contribution to recessions. The excessive exuberance of investors during the boom years brings the economy to its peak. The reciprocal doom-and-gloom pessimism that sets in after a market crash, at a minimum, amplifies the effects of real economic and financial factors as the market swings.
 
Moreover, because all economic actions and decisions are always forward-looking to some degree, the subjective expectations of investors, businesses, and consumers are often involved in the inception and spread of an economic downturn.4
 

Interest Rates

Interest rates are a key link between the purely financial sector and the real economic preferences and decisions of businesses and consumers.
  1. Sentiment and Confidence:
    • Boom and Bust Cycles: During economic booms, optimism and confidence are high. Investors may become overly exuberant and take excessive risks. However, after a market crash, a sense of pessimism prevails, leading to a downturn.
    • Consumer and Business Confidence: Consumer and business confidence are crucial for economic health. During recessions, both consumers and businesses may become cautious and cut back on spending and investment, further contributing to the economic slowdown.
  2. Expectations and Forward-Looking Behavior:
    • Self-Fulfilling Prophecies: Economic decisions are often based on expectations of future conditions. If individuals and businesses expect a recession, they may act in ways that contribute to the downturn, creating a self-fulfilling prophecy.
    • Investment Decisions: Businesses may delay or cancel investments during uncertain times. This can lead to a reduction in economic activity and employment, reinforcing the negative cycle.
  3. Behavioral Economics Factors:
    • Herding Behavior: Investors often follow the crowd, leading to herding behavior. If a large number of investors start selling assets during a market decline, others may follow suit, exacerbating the downturn.
    • Loss Aversion: People tend to be more averse to losses than they are motivated by potential gains. This psychological bias can lead to rapid selling during a market decline, causing a cascade effect.
  4. Media Influence:
    • Media Amplification: Media plays a significant role in shaping public perception. Negative news coverage during economic downturns can amplify fear and anxiety, affecting consumer and investor behavior.
    • Information Cascades: The rapid spread of information, both accurate and inaccurate, can lead to information cascades where individuals make decisions based on the actions of others rather than independent analysis.
  5. Policy Expectations:
    • Expectations of Government Intervention: Anticipation of government policies and interventions can influence economic behavior. If there is a perception that policymakers are not adequately addressing economic challenges, it can contribute to negative sentiment.
  6. Interest Rates:
    • Monetary Policy Impact: Central banks often use interest rates as a tool to manage the economy. During a recession, central banks may lower interest rates to stimulate borrowing and spending. However, the effectiveness of this tool can be influenced by psychological factors, such as how businesses and consumers perceive the impact of interest rate changes on their decision
    • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFa6I9KN63Q


chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 10:32) Posted:

where are all the usd dollar goes when FED stubbornly kpt rates at 22 years high of 5.5%
Artificially suppressed interest rates during the boom times leading up to a recession can distort the structure of relationships among businesses and consumers. It happens by making business projects, investments, and consumption decisions that are interest rate-sensitive, such as buying a bigger house or launching a risky long-term business expansion, appear much more appealing than they ought to be.
when interest rates are artificially kept low, it reduces the cost of borrowing and encourages businesses and consumers to take on more debt for investments and consumption. This can create a misallocation of resources, as projects that may not be economically viable under normal interest rate conditions become more attractive. Businesses may embark on long-term projects that are not sustainable without the artificially low interest rates, and consumers may engage in purchases that they would not have made in a higher interest rate environment.
The concern is that when interest rates eventually rise to more normal levels, these distorted investments and consumption patterns may unravel, leading to economic imbalances and potentially contributing to a recession. The misallocation of resources during the period of artificially low interest rates may result in a correction phase, where businesses and consumers face difficulties in servicing their debt, and certain sectors of the economy experience a downturn.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ev4tIDEnmps
 


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chartiskao
Elite
02-Feb-2024 10:36     
 
chartiskao About Contact  Quote this Post!  
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 Alert Admin 		crypto and global properties

Psychological Factors of a Recession

Psychological factors are also frequently cited by economists for their contribution to recessions. The excessive exuberance of investors during the boom years brings the economy to its peak. The reciprocal doom-and-gloom pessimism that sets in after a market crash, at a minimum, amplifies the effects of real economic and financial factors as the market swings.
 
Moreover, because all economic actions and decisions are always forward-looking to some degree, the subjective expectations of investors, businesses, and consumers are often involved in the inception and spread of an economic downturn.4
 

Interest Rates

Interest rates are a key link between the purely financial sector and the real economic preferences and decisions of businesses and consumers.
  1. Sentiment and Confidence:
    • Boom and Bust Cycles: During economic booms, optimism and confidence are high. Investors may become overly exuberant and take excessive risks. However, after a market crash, a sense of pessimism prevails, leading to a downturn.
    • Consumer and Business Confidence: Consumer and business confidence are crucial for economic health. During recessions, both consumers and businesses may become cautious and cut back on spending and investment, further contributing to the economic slowdown.
  2. Expectations and Forward-Looking Behavior:
    • Self-Fulfilling Prophecies: Economic decisions are often based on expectations of future conditions. If individuals and businesses expect a recession, they may act in ways that contribute to the downturn, creating a self-fulfilling prophecy.
    • Investment Decisions: Businesses may delay or cancel investments during uncertain times. This can lead to a reduction in economic activity and employment, reinforcing the negative cycle.
  3. Behavioral Economics Factors:
    • Herding Behavior: Investors often follow the crowd, leading to herding behavior. If a large number of investors start selling assets during a market decline, others may follow suit, exacerbating the downturn.
    • Loss Aversion: People tend to be more averse to losses than they are motivated by potential gains. This psychological bias can lead to rapid selling during a market decline, causing a cascade effect.
  4. Media Influence:
    • Media Amplification: Media plays a significant role in shaping public perception. Negative news coverage during economic downturns can amplify fear and anxiety, affecting consumer and investor behavior.
    • Information Cascades: The rapid spread of information, both accurate and inaccurate, can lead to information cascades where individuals make decisions based on the actions of others rather than independent analysis.
  5. Policy Expectations:
    • Expectations of Government Intervention: Anticipation of government policies and interventions can influence economic behavior. If there is a perception that policymakers are not adequately addressing economic challenges, it can contribute to negative sentiment.
  6. Interest Rates:
    • Monetary Policy Impact: Central banks often use interest rates as a tool to manage the economy. During a recession, central banks may lower interest rates to stimulate borrowing and spending. However, the effectiveness of this tool can be influenced by psychological factors, such as how businesses and consumers perceive the impact of interest rate changes on their decision
    • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFa6I9KN63Q


chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 10:32) Posted:

where are all the usd dollar goes when FED stubbornly kpt rates at 22 years high of 5.5%
Artificially suppressed interest rates during the boom times leading up to a recession can distort the structure of relationships among businesses and consumers. It happens by making business projects, investments, and consumption decisions that are interest rate-sensitive, such as buying a bigger house or launching a risky long-term business expansion, appear much more appealing than they ought to be.
when interest rates are artificially kept low, it reduces the cost of borrowing and encourages businesses and consumers to take on more debt for investments and consumption. This can create a misallocation of resources, as projects that may not be economically viable under normal interest rate conditions become more attractive. Businesses may embark on long-term projects that are not sustainable without the artificially low interest rates, and consumers may engage in purchases that they would not have made in a higher interest rate environment.
The concern is that when interest rates eventually rise to more normal levels, these distorted investments and consumption patterns may unravel, leading to economic imbalances and potentially contributing to a recession. The misallocation of resources during the period of artificially low interest rates may result in a correction phase, where businesses and consumers face difficulties in servicing their debt, and certain sectors of the economy experience a downturn.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ev4tIDEnmps
 


chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 09:58) Posted:

how big country bankrupt smaller countries

The significant economic theories of recession focus on financial, psychological, and fundamental economic factors that can lead to the cascade of business failures that constitute a recession. Some theories look at long-term economic trends that lay the groundwork for a recession in the years leading up to it. Others look only at the immediately visible factors that appear at the onset of a recession. Many or all of these various factors may be at play in any given recession.
 
Financial factors can contribute to an economy&rsquo s fall into a recession, as during the 2007&ndash 2008 U.S. financial crisis. The overextension of credit and debt on risky loans and marginal borrowers can lead to an enormous buildup of risk in the financial sector. The expansion of the supply of money and credit in the economy by the Federal Reserve and the banking sector can drive this process to extremes, stimulating risky asset price bubbles.

Certainly, your description outlines several key aspects and factors associated with economic recessions. Let' s delve a bit deeper into each of the mentioned factors:
  1. Financial Factors:
    • Credit and Debt Overextension: This occurs when individuals, businesses, or even governments borrow excessively, often on risky terms. The inability to repay these debts can lead to a cascading effect, affecting financial institutions and the broader economy.
    • Risky Loans and Marginal Borrowers: Lending to individuals or businesses with a higher risk of default can amplify the impact of financial downturns. This was evident in the subprime mortgage crisis during the 2007&ndash 2008 financial crisis.
    • Buildup of Risk in the Financial Sector: Excessive risk-taking by financial institutions, coupled with interconnectedness between them, can create a domino effect. The failure of one institution can lead to a chain reaction affecting the entire financial system.
  2. Monetary Policy Factors:
    • Expansion of Money and Credit: Central banks, such as the Federal Reserve, play a crucial role in influencing economic conditions through monetary policy. Excessive money supply and credit expansion, while intended to stimulate economic growth, can also contribute to the creation of asset bubbles and unsustainable economic activity.
  3. Psychological Factors:
    • Consumer and Investor Confidence: Sentiment plays a significant role in economic cycles. If consumers and investors become pessimistic about the future, they may reduce spending and investment, contributing to a slowdown in economic activity.
    • Asset Price Bubbles: Overoptimism and speculation in financial markets can lead to the inflation of asset prices, such as housing or stock market bubbles. When these bubbles burst, it can trigger a crisis.
  4. Fundamental Economic Factors:
    • Long-Term Economic Trends: Structural issues within the economy, such as imbalances in trade, income inequality, or inadequate regulation, can create vulnerabilities that contribute to a recession.
    • Global Economic Factors: Economic interdependence means that events in one part of the world can have far-reaching effects. Global economic downturns or crises can impact individual economies and contribute to recessions.
  5. Immediate Onset Factors:
    • External Shocks: Sudden events like geopolitical crises, natural disasters, or public health emergencies (as seen with the COVID-19 pandemic) can trigger immediate economic downturns.
    • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5HI_xFQWiYU

 
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chartiskao
Elite
02-Feb-2024 10:32     
 
chartiskao About Contact  Quote this Post!  
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 Alert Admin 		where are all the usd dollar goes when FED stubbornly kpt rates at 22 years high of 5.5%
Artificially suppressed interest rates during the boom times leading up to a recession can distort the structure of relationships among businesses and consumers. It happens by making business projects, investments, and consumption decisions that are interest rate-sensitive, such as buying a bigger house or launching a risky long-term business expansion, appear much more appealing than they ought to be.
when interest rates are artificially kept low, it reduces the cost of borrowing and encourages businesses and consumers to take on more debt for investments and consumption. This can create a misallocation of resources, as projects that may not be economically viable under normal interest rate conditions become more attractive. Businesses may embark on long-term projects that are not sustainable without the artificially low interest rates, and consumers may engage in purchases that they would not have made in a higher interest rate environment.
The concern is that when interest rates eventually rise to more normal levels, these distorted investments and consumption patterns may unravel, leading to economic imbalances and potentially contributing to a recession. The misallocation of resources during the period of artificially low interest rates may result in a correction phase, where businesses and consumers face difficulties in servicing their debt, and certain sectors of the economy experience a downturn.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ev4tIDEnmps
 


chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 09:58) Posted:

how big country bankrupt smaller countries

The significant economic theories of recession focus on financial, psychological, and fundamental economic factors that can lead to the cascade of business failures that constitute a recession. Some theories look at long-term economic trends that lay the groundwork for a recession in the years leading up to it. Others look only at the immediately visible factors that appear at the onset of a recession. Many or all of these various factors may be at play in any given recession.
 
Financial factors can contribute to an economy&rsquo s fall into a recession, as during the 2007&ndash 2008 U.S. financial crisis. The overextension of credit and debt on risky loans and marginal borrowers can lead to an enormous buildup of risk in the financial sector. The expansion of the supply of money and credit in the economy by the Federal Reserve and the banking sector can drive this process to extremes, stimulating risky asset price bubbles.

Certainly, your description outlines several key aspects and factors associated with economic recessions. Let' s delve a bit deeper into each of the mentioned factors:
  1. Financial Factors:
    • Credit and Debt Overextension: This occurs when individuals, businesses, or even governments borrow excessively, often on risky terms. The inability to repay these debts can lead to a cascading effect, affecting financial institutions and the broader economy.
    • Risky Loans and Marginal Borrowers: Lending to individuals or businesses with a higher risk of default can amplify the impact of financial downturns. This was evident in the subprime mortgage crisis during the 2007&ndash 2008 financial crisis.
    • Buildup of Risk in the Financial Sector: Excessive risk-taking by financial institutions, coupled with interconnectedness between them, can create a domino effect. The failure of one institution can lead to a chain reaction affecting the entire financial system.
  2. Monetary Policy Factors:
    • Expansion of Money and Credit: Central banks, such as the Federal Reserve, play a crucial role in influencing economic conditions through monetary policy. Excessive money supply and credit expansion, while intended to stimulate economic growth, can also contribute to the creation of asset bubbles and unsustainable economic activity.
  3. Psychological Factors:
    • Consumer and Investor Confidence: Sentiment plays a significant role in economic cycles. If consumers and investors become pessimistic about the future, they may reduce spending and investment, contributing to a slowdown in economic activity.
    • Asset Price Bubbles: Overoptimism and speculation in financial markets can lead to the inflation of asset prices, such as housing or stock market bubbles. When these bubbles burst, it can trigger a crisis.
  4. Fundamental Economic Factors:
    • Long-Term Economic Trends: Structural issues within the economy, such as imbalances in trade, income inequality, or inadequate regulation, can create vulnerabilities that contribute to a recession.
    • Global Economic Factors: Economic interdependence means that events in one part of the world can have far-reaching effects. Global economic downturns or crises can impact individual economies and contribute to recessions.
  5. Immediate Onset Factors:
    • External Shocks: Sudden events like geopolitical crises, natural disasters, or public health emergencies (as seen with the COVID-19 pandemic) can trigger immediate economic downturns.
    • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5HI_xFQWiYU

 

chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 09:54) Posted:

countries that were hit by high us dollar debts and capital outflow
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouDkUrGRtw8
https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/08/cause-of-recession.asp
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chartiskao
Elite
02-Feb-2024 09:58     
 
chartiskao About Contact  Quote this Post!  
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 Alert Admin 		how big country bankrupt smaller countries

The significant economic theories of recession focus on financial, psychological, and fundamental economic factors that can lead to the cascade of business failures that constitute a recession. Some theories look at long-term economic trends that lay the groundwork for a recession in the years leading up to it. Others look only at the immediately visible factors that appear at the onset of a recession. Many or all of these various factors may be at play in any given recession.
 
Financial factors can contribute to an economy&rsquo s fall into a recession, as during the 2007&ndash 2008 U.S. financial crisis. The overextension of credit and debt on risky loans and marginal borrowers can lead to an enormous buildup of risk in the financial sector. The expansion of the supply of money and credit in the economy by the Federal Reserve and the banking sector can drive this process to extremes, stimulating risky asset price bubbles.

Certainly, your description outlines several key aspects and factors associated with economic recessions. Let' s delve a bit deeper into each of the mentioned factors:
  1. Financial Factors:
    • Credit and Debt Overextension: This occurs when individuals, businesses, or even governments borrow excessively, often on risky terms. The inability to repay these debts can lead to a cascading effect, affecting financial institutions and the broader economy.
    • Risky Loans and Marginal Borrowers: Lending to individuals or businesses with a higher risk of default can amplify the impact of financial downturns. This was evident in the subprime mortgage crisis during the 2007&ndash 2008 financial crisis.
    • Buildup of Risk in the Financial Sector: Excessive risk-taking by financial institutions, coupled with interconnectedness between them, can create a domino effect. The failure of one institution can lead to a chain reaction affecting the entire financial system.
  2. Monetary Policy Factors:
    • Expansion of Money and Credit: Central banks, such as the Federal Reserve, play a crucial role in influencing economic conditions through monetary policy. Excessive money supply and credit expansion, while intended to stimulate economic growth, can also contribute to the creation of asset bubbles and unsustainable economic activity.
  3. Psychological Factors:
    • Consumer and Investor Confidence: Sentiment plays a significant role in economic cycles. If consumers and investors become pessimistic about the future, they may reduce spending and investment, contributing to a slowdown in economic activity.
    • Asset Price Bubbles: Overoptimism and speculation in financial markets can lead to the inflation of asset prices, such as housing or stock market bubbles. When these bubbles burst, it can trigger a crisis.
  4. Fundamental Economic Factors:
    • Long-Term Economic Trends: Structural issues within the economy, such as imbalances in trade, income inequality, or inadequate regulation, can create vulnerabilities that contribute to a recession.
    • Global Economic Factors: Economic interdependence means that events in one part of the world can have far-reaching effects. Global economic downturns or crises can impact individual economies and contribute to recessions.
  5. Immediate Onset Factors:
    • External Shocks: Sudden events like geopolitical crises, natural disasters, or public health emergencies (as seen with the COVID-19 pandemic) can trigger immediate economic downturns.
    • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5HI_xFQWiYU

 

chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 09:54) Posted:

countries that were hit by high us dollar debts and capital outflow
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouDkUrGRtw8
https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/08/cause-of-recession.asp


chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 09:52) Posted:

no rate cut we will continue to give money to Ukraine and support Gaza war
https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/fed-meeting-fomc-interest-rate-january-2024/card/fed-chair-jerome-powell-is-set-to-speak-at-2-30-p-m-et-watch-his-press-conference-here-aBkk6AIvssI0ZsPEyu4
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chartiskao
Elite
02-Feb-2024 09:54     
 
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 Alert Admin 		countries that were hit by high us dollar debts and capital outflow
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouDkUrGRtw8
https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/08/cause-of-recession.asp


chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 09:52) Posted:

no rate cut we will continue to give money to Ukraine and support Gaza war
https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/fed-meeting-fomc-interest-rate-january-2024/card/fed-chair-jerome-powell-is-set-to-speak-at-2-30-p-m-et-watch-his-press-conference-here-aBkk6AIvssI0ZsPEyu4h

chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 09:50) Posted:

https://www.jpmorgan.com/insights/outlook/economic-outlook/fed-meeting-january-2024
 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_1K7c33pKDk
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chartiskao
Elite
02-Feb-2024 09:52     
 
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 Alert Admin 		no rate cut we will continue to give money to Ukraine and support Gaza war
https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/fed-meeting-fomc-interest-rate-january-2024/card/fed-chair-jerome-powell-is-set-to-speak-at-2-30-p-m-et-watch-his-press-conference-here-aBkk6AIvssI0ZsPEyu4h

chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 09:50) Posted:

https://www.jpmorgan.com/insights/outlook/economic-outlook/fed-meeting-january-2024
 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_1K7c33pKDk


chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 09:46) Posted:

when capital leave EMs due to US higher rates
A recession can also be triggered after an inflationary period. When inflation increases, central banks raise interest rates to slow the economy with the goal of bringing down inflation. With higher interest rates, the probability of a recession increases, leading to layoffs, fewer jobs, and decreased consumer and corporate spending, among other effects found in a slowing economy.
 
As companies and consumers become anxious about the economy, they hold onto their money and cut spending. Businesses are forced to reallocate resources, scale back production, limit losses, and lay off employees as the economic downturn intensifies. Trends during a recession include an increase in the unemployment rate and a decrease in gross domestic product (GDP) for two consecutive quarters.2
  1. Inflation and Central Bank Response:
    • When there is a period of high inflation, central banks often respond by raising interest rates. This is done to cool down the economy and curb inflationary pressures.
    • Higher interest rates make borrowing more expensive, leading to reduced spending and investment. This, in turn, helps to lower demand and slow down economic activity.
  2. Impact of Higher Interest Rates:
    • The increase in interest rates can contribute to a higher probability of a recession. Elevated interest rates can make it more challenging for businesses and individuals to borrow and spend, which can lead to a decline in economic growth.
  3. Consequences of a Recession:
    • As the economy slows, companies may face reduced demand for their products and services, prompting them to cut production and lay off employees.
    • Consumers, anticipating economic challenges, tend to cut back on spending, contributing to a further decline in demand.
  4. Economic Indicators During a Recession:
    • The statement correctly identifies key indicators of a recession, such as an increase in the unemployment rate and a decrease in GDP for two consecutive quarters. These are commonly used metrics to determine the onset of a recession.
  5. Behavioral Responses:
    • During times of economic uncertainty, both businesses and consumers often become more conservative with their finances. This cautious approach can exacerbate the economic downturn as spending and investment decrease.
    • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Kuo9Si8s58

 
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chartiskao
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02-Feb-2024 09:50     
 
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https://www.jpmorgan.com/insights/outlook/economic-outlook/fed-meeting-january-2024
 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_1K7c33pKDk


chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 09:46) Posted:

when capital leave EMs due to US higher rates
A recession can also be triggered after an inflationary period. When inflation increases, central banks raise interest rates to slow the economy with the goal of bringing down inflation. With higher interest rates, the probability of a recession increases, leading to layoffs, fewer jobs, and decreased consumer and corporate spending, among other effects found in a slowing economy.
 
As companies and consumers become anxious about the economy, they hold onto their money and cut spending. Businesses are forced to reallocate resources, scale back production, limit losses, and lay off employees as the economic downturn intensifies. Trends during a recession include an increase in the unemployment rate and a decrease in gross domestic product (GDP) for two consecutive quarters.2
  1. Inflation and Central Bank Response:
    • When there is a period of high inflation, central banks often respond by raising interest rates. This is done to cool down the economy and curb inflationary pressures.
    • Higher interest rates make borrowing more expensive, leading to reduced spending and investment. This, in turn, helps to lower demand and slow down economic activity.
  2. Impact of Higher Interest Rates:
    • The increase in interest rates can contribute to a higher probability of a recession. Elevated interest rates can make it more challenging for businesses and individuals to borrow and spend, which can lead to a decline in economic growth.
  3. Consequences of a Recession:
    • As the economy slows, companies may face reduced demand for their products and services, prompting them to cut production and lay off employees.
    • Consumers, anticipating economic challenges, tend to cut back on spending, contributing to a further decline in demand.
  4. Economic Indicators During a Recession:
    • The statement correctly identifies key indicators of a recession, such as an increase in the unemployment rate and a decrease in GDP for two consecutive quarters. These are commonly used metrics to determine the onset of a recession.
  5. Behavioral Responses:
    • During times of economic uncertainty, both businesses and consumers often become more conservative with their finances. This cautious approach can exacerbate the economic downturn as spending and investment decrease.
    • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Kuo9Si8s58

 

chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 09:42) Posted:


Rising U.S. rates are likely to present specific challenges to emerging markets, especially those with external financing vulnerabilities such as Brazil, Turkey, and South Africa.
 
Emerging-market governments, companies, and banks that have large amounts of dollar-denominated debt will find them becoming increasingly expensive to pay off.

Indeed, rising U.S. interest rates can have significant implications for emerging markets, particularly those with external financing vulnerabilities. Let' s break down some of the challenges they might face:
  1. Increased Debt Servicing Costs: As U.S. interest rates rise, the cost of servicing dollar-denominated debt increases for emerging-market governments, companies, and banks. This can lead to higher interest payments, putting pressure on their budgets and potentially leading to fiscal challenges.
  2. Currency Depreciation: Higher U.S. interest rates often lead to a stronger U.S. dollar. This can result in the depreciation of the currencies of emerging-market economies, making it more expensive for them to repay their dollar-denominated debt.
  3. Capital Outflows: Investors tend to seek higher returns in a rising interest rate environment. As U.S. rates increase, there might be a shift of capital from emerging markets to the U.S. in pursuit of better returns, causing capital outflows from these vulnerable economies.
  4. Reduced Investor Confidence: Concerns about the ability of emerging-market countries to service their dollar-denominated debt in a higher interest rate environment can erode investor confidence. This may lead to a decrease in foreign direct investment and increased volatility in financial markets.
  5. Impact on Economic Growth: The combination of higher debt servicing costs, currency depreciation, and capital outflows can negatively impact economic growth in emerging markets. Governments may be forced to implement austerity measures to address fiscal challenges, further impacting economic activity.
  6. Trade Balance Challenges: Currency depreciation may affect the trade balance of emerging-market economies. While it can make exports more competitive, it also makes imported goods more expensive, potentially leading to trade imbalances.
Brazil, Turkey, and South Africa, mentioned specifically, have been historically vulnerable to external shocks, and their economies are often influenced by global economic conditions. Policymakers in these countries may need to implement measures to mitigate the impact of rising U.S. interest rates, such as implementing sound fiscal policies, strengthening monetary policy frameworks, and addressing structural vulnerabilities in their economies.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBLpm03Xbh0& list=RDIBLpm03Xbh0& start_radio=1& rv=2cFOLFtw2Ic


 
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chartiskao
Elite
02-Feb-2024 09:46     
 
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 Alert Admin 		when capital leave EMs due to US higher rates
A recession can also be triggered after an inflationary period. When inflation increases, central banks raise interest rates to slow the economy with the goal of bringing down inflation. With higher interest rates, the probability of a recession increases, leading to layoffs, fewer jobs, and decreased consumer and corporate spending, among other effects found in a slowing economy.
 
As companies and consumers become anxious about the economy, they hold onto their money and cut spending. Businesses are forced to reallocate resources, scale back production, limit losses, and lay off employees as the economic downturn intensifies. Trends during a recession include an increase in the unemployment rate and a decrease in gross domestic product (GDP) for two consecutive quarters.2
  1. Inflation and Central Bank Response:
    • When there is a period of high inflation, central banks often respond by raising interest rates. This is done to cool down the economy and curb inflationary pressures.
    • Higher interest rates make borrowing more expensive, leading to reduced spending and investment. This, in turn, helps to lower demand and slow down economic activity.
  2. Impact of Higher Interest Rates:
    • The increase in interest rates can contribute to a higher probability of a recession. Elevated interest rates can make it more challenging for businesses and individuals to borrow and spend, which can lead to a decline in economic growth.
  3. Consequences of a Recession:
    • As the economy slows, companies may face reduced demand for their products and services, prompting them to cut production and lay off employees.
    • Consumers, anticipating economic challenges, tend to cut back on spending, contributing to a further decline in demand.
  4. Economic Indicators During a Recession:
    • The statement correctly identifies key indicators of a recession, such as an increase in the unemployment rate and a decrease in GDP for two consecutive quarters. These are commonly used metrics to determine the onset of a recession.
  5. Behavioral Responses:
    • During times of economic uncertainty, both businesses and consumers often become more conservative with their finances. This cautious approach can exacerbate the economic downturn as spending and investment decrease.
    • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Kuo9Si8s58

 

chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 09:42) Posted:


Rising U.S. rates are likely to present specific challenges to emerging markets, especially those with external financing vulnerabilities such as Brazil, Turkey, and South Africa.
 
Emerging-market governments, companies, and banks that have large amounts of dollar-denominated debt will find them becoming increasingly expensive to pay off.

Indeed, rising U.S. interest rates can have significant implications for emerging markets, particularly those with external financing vulnerabilities. Let' s break down some of the challenges they might face:
  1. Increased Debt Servicing Costs: As U.S. interest rates rise, the cost of servicing dollar-denominated debt increases for emerging-market governments, companies, and banks. This can lead to higher interest payments, putting pressure on their budgets and potentially leading to fiscal challenges.
  2. Currency Depreciation: Higher U.S. interest rates often lead to a stronger U.S. dollar. This can result in the depreciation of the currencies of emerging-market economies, making it more expensive for them to repay their dollar-denominated debt.
  3. Capital Outflows: Investors tend to seek higher returns in a rising interest rate environment. As U.S. rates increase, there might be a shift of capital from emerging markets to the U.S. in pursuit of better returns, causing capital outflows from these vulnerable economies.
  4. Reduced Investor Confidence: Concerns about the ability of emerging-market countries to service their dollar-denominated debt in a higher interest rate environment can erode investor confidence. This may lead to a decrease in foreign direct investment and increased volatility in financial markets.
  5. Impact on Economic Growth: The combination of higher debt servicing costs, currency depreciation, and capital outflows can negatively impact economic growth in emerging markets. Governments may be forced to implement austerity measures to address fiscal challenges, further impacting economic activity.
  6. Trade Balance Challenges: Currency depreciation may affect the trade balance of emerging-market economies. While it can make exports more competitive, it also makes imported goods more expensive, potentially leading to trade imbalances.
Brazil, Turkey, and South Africa, mentioned specifically, have been historically vulnerable to external shocks, and their economies are often influenced by global economic conditions. Policymakers in these countries may need to implement measures to mitigate the impact of rising U.S. interest rates, such as implementing sound fiscal policies, strengthening monetary policy frameworks, and addressing structural vulnerabilities in their economies.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBLpm03Xbh0& list=RDIBLpm03Xbh0& start_radio=1& rv=2cFOLFtw2Ic


 

chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 09:39) Posted:

Mark Zuckerberg receive  usd700 million dividend after its meta share
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2cFOLFtw2Ic
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chartiskao
Elite
02-Feb-2024 09:42     
 
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 Alert Admin
Rising U.S. rates are likely to present specific challenges to emerging markets, especially those with external financing vulnerabilities such as Brazil, Turkey, and South Africa.
 
Emerging-market governments, companies, and banks that have large amounts of dollar-denominated debt will find them becoming increasingly expensive to pay off.

Indeed, rising U.S. interest rates can have significant implications for emerging markets, particularly those with external financing vulnerabilities. Let' s break down some of the challenges they might face:
  1. Increased Debt Servicing Costs: As U.S. interest rates rise, the cost of servicing dollar-denominated debt increases for emerging-market governments, companies, and banks. This can lead to higher interest payments, putting pressure on their budgets and potentially leading to fiscal challenges.
  2. Currency Depreciation: Higher U.S. interest rates often lead to a stronger U.S. dollar. This can result in the depreciation of the currencies of emerging-market economies, making it more expensive for them to repay their dollar-denominated debt.
  3. Capital Outflows: Investors tend to seek higher returns in a rising interest rate environment. As U.S. rates increase, there might be a shift of capital from emerging markets to the U.S. in pursuit of better returns, causing capital outflows from these vulnerable economies.
  4. Reduced Investor Confidence: Concerns about the ability of emerging-market countries to service their dollar-denominated debt in a higher interest rate environment can erode investor confidence. This may lead to a decrease in foreign direct investment and increased volatility in financial markets.
  5. Impact on Economic Growth: The combination of higher debt servicing costs, currency depreciation, and capital outflows can negatively impact economic growth in emerging markets. Governments may be forced to implement austerity measures to address fiscal challenges, further impacting economic activity.
  6. Trade Balance Challenges: Currency depreciation may affect the trade balance of emerging-market economies. While it can make exports more competitive, it also makes imported goods more expensive, potentially leading to trade imbalances.
Brazil, Turkey, and South Africa, mentioned specifically, have been historically vulnerable to external shocks, and their economies are often influenced by global economic conditions. Policymakers in these countries may need to implement measures to mitigate the impact of rising U.S. interest rates, such as implementing sound fiscal policies, strengthening monetary policy frameworks, and addressing structural vulnerabilities in their economies.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBLpm03Xbh0& list=RDIBLpm03Xbh0& start_radio=1& rv=2cFOLFtw2Ic


 

chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 09:39) Posted:

Mark Zuckerberg receive  usd700 million dividend after its meta share
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2cFOLFtw2Ic


chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 09:36) Posted:

https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/facebook-parent-meta-declares-first-210700853.html?guccounter=1& guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8& guce_referrer_sig=AQAAABXW0RvzTNwAm7EDZyT7ermTGcmAJ1kNJvv1GwDd9HpgNiIkSRb7ZFNkxVatJu78sG1Y0r6R5qBZr4NS8p0H9-PxEkEbZKWZ5va-xzgPrT3UTmZNAh6PTxSaexdxW9ieAIbCjd2MlnUuGpyLyNLn2hONzhfB4szctXlDjY5zkvV9
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GXZ_foPKMVM
https://www.cnbc.com/2024/02/01/meta-is-paying-first-ever-dividend-authorizes-50-billion-buyback.html
 


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chartiskao
Elite
02-Feb-2024 09:39     
 
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Mark Zuckerberg receive  usd700 million dividend after its meta share
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2cFOLFtw2Ic


chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 09:36) Posted:

https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/facebook-parent-meta-declares-first-210700853.html?guccounter=1& guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8& guce_referrer_sig=AQAAABXW0RvzTNwAm7EDZyT7ermTGcmAJ1kNJvv1GwDd9HpgNiIkSRb7ZFNkxVatJu78sG1Y0r6R5qBZr4NS8p0H9-PxEkEbZKWZ5va-xzgPrT3UTmZNAh6PTxSaexdxW9ieAIbCjd2MlnUuGpyLyNLn2hONzhfB4szctXlDjY5zkvV9
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GXZ_foPKMVM
https://www.cnbc.com/2024/02/01/meta-is-paying-first-ever-dividend-authorizes-50-billion-buyback.html
 


chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 09:32) Posted:

https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/040115/how-strong-us-dollar-can-hurt-emerging-markets.as
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chartiskao
Elite
02-Feb-2024 09:36     
 
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https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/facebook-parent-meta-declares-first-210700853.html?guccounter=1& guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8& guce_referrer_sig=AQAAABXW0RvzTNwAm7EDZyT7ermTGcmAJ1kNJvv1GwDd9HpgNiIkSRb7ZFNkxVatJu78sG1Y0r6R5qBZr4NS8p0H9-PxEkEbZKWZ5va-xzgPrT3UTmZNAh6PTxSaexdxW9ieAIbCjd2MlnUuGpyLyNLn2hONzhfB4szctXlDjY5zkvV9
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GXZ_foPKMVM
https://www.cnbc.com/2024/02/01/meta-is-paying-first-ever-dividend-authorizes-50-billion-buyback.html
 


chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 09:32) Posted:

https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/040115/how-strong-us-dollar-can-hurt-emerging-markets.asp

chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 09:31) Posted:

the 2022 rate hikes and the many rate hikes after that first hike
https://www.forbes.com/forbes-400/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F284HbDs7CM
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chartiskao
Elite
02-Feb-2024 09:32     
 
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 Alert Admin 		https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/040115/how-strong-us-dollar-can-hurt-emerging-markets.asp

chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 09:31) Posted:

the 2022 rate hikes and the many rate hikes after that first hike
https://www.forbes.com/forbes-400/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F284HbDs7CM


chartiskao      ( Date: 02-Feb-2024 09:28) Posted:

the crazy rate hikes rob the poor and give to the rich and make them wealthier
The COVID-19 shock to the international financial markets caused the transfer of $100 billion from emerging market portfolio investments in just one month.6
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P87nnruGa6Q
  1. Local Currency Devaluation:
    • When a country' s currency depreciates against the U.S. dollar or another strong currency, the cost of servicing debt denominated in that currency increases for local borrowers.
    • Local businesses and financial institutions may find it more challenging to repay their dollar-denominated debts with weakened local currencies.
  2. Reversal of Capital Flows:
    • Capital flows, including foreign investments, loans, and other financial transactions, can impact a country' s exchange rates.
    • A reversal of capital flows implies a sudden and significant change in the direction of these financial movements. For example, if foreign investors start pulling their money out of a country, it can contribute to a depreciation of the local currency.
  3. Pressure on Corporations and Banks:
    • Corporations and banks that have borrowed in dollars may face increased pressure when local currencies devalue.
    • If their revenues do not increase in tandem with the rising costs of servicing dollar debt (due to the devaluation), it can lead to financial stress.
  4. Mismatch in Revenues and Debt Servicing Costs:
    • The key concern is the potential mismatch between the currency in which the debt is denominated (dollars) and the currency in which revenues are generated (potentially the local currency).
    • If revenues do not increase or if they are generated in a depreciating currency, it becomes more challenging for borrowers to meet their debt obligations.
  5. Economic Implications:
    • A situation where businesses and financial institutions struggle to service their dollar-denominated debt can have broader economic implications, potentially leading to financial instability and economic downturns.
Governments and financial institutions in such situations may implement various measures to stabilize their economies, such as monetary policy adjustments, fiscal stimulus, or seeking external support from international organizations.
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