Stock Data
Market Capitalization (SGD ' mil)	2,034.02
Common Shares Outstanding (' mil)	3,255.0449
52 Week High (SGD) (09/01/2020)	0.874
52 Week Low (SGD) (03/11/2020)	0.113
52 Week Return (%)	-81.606
Average Volume (' mil)	113.9509
Beta	1.98

December 28, 2020,

Managerial economies of scale

This is a form of division of labour. Large-scale manufacturers employ specialists to supervise production systems, manage marketing systems and oversee human resources.

Financial economies of scale

Larger firms are usually rated by the financial markets to be more ' credit worthy' and have access to credit facilities, with favourable rates of borrowing. In contrast, smaller firms often face higher rates of interest on overdrafts and loans. Businesses quoted on the stock market can normally raise fresh money (i.e. extra financial capital) more cheaply through the issue of shares. They are also likely to pay a lower rate of interest on new company bonds issued through the capital markets.

Network economies of scale

Network economies are best explained by saying that the extra cost of adding one more user to the network is close to zero, but the resulting benefits may be huge because each new user to the network can then interact, trade with all of the existing members or parts of the network. The expansion of e-commerce is a great example of network economies of scale &ndash it doesn' t cost Amazon.co.uk much (if anything) to add another 10,000 customers to its systems, but the revenue and profit effect can be significant.